dysprosium chemical properties

Thulium is a chemical element with atomic number 69 which means there are 69 protons and 69 electrons in the atomic structure. The name xenon for this gas comes from the Greek word ξένον [xenon], neuter singular form of ξένος [xenos], meaning ‘foreign(er)’, ‘strange(r)’, or ‘guest’. Although classified as a rare earth element, samarium is the 40th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust and is more common than such metals as tin. Since nucleons (protons and neutrons) make up most of the mass of ordinary atoms, the density of normal matter tends to be limited by how closely we can pack these nucleons and depends on the internal atomic structure of a substance. Dysprosium is used in nuclear reactors as a cermet, a composite material made of ceramic and sintered metal, to make laser materials, nuclear reactor control rods, as sources of infrared radiation for studying chemical reactions. The chemical symbol for Osmium is Os. Lanthanoids comprise the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71, from lanthanum through lutetium. Mercury is a chemical element with atomic number 80 which means there are 80 protons and 80 electrons in the atomic structure. When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from vapor to liquid, it is referred to as the condensation point. Lead is a chemical element with atomic number 82 which means there are 82 protons and 82 electrons in the atomic structure. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Young's modulus: 61 GPa; Rigidity modulus: 25 GPa; Bulk modulus: 41 GPa; Poisson's ratio: 0.25 (no units) … Electronegativity is related with ionization energy and electron affinity. The chemical symbol for Yttrium is Y. Yttrium is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a “rare-earth element”. Beryllium is a chemical element with atomic number 4 which means there are 4 protons and 4 electrons in the atomic structure. A dysprosium oxide-nickel cement has found use in cooling nuclear reactor rods. Lutetium and Dysprosium chemical properties are one of the most important characteristics. But its density pales by comparison to the densities of exotic astronomical objects such as white dwarf stars and neutron stars. In a neutral atom there are as many electrons as protons moving about nucleus. Alloys are metals made by combining dysprosium with other metallic elements. Electron configuration of Dysprosium is [Xe] 4f10 6s2. Francium is a chemical element with atomic number 87 which means there are 87 protons and 87 electrons in the atomic structure. The density of Hassium results from its high atomic weight and from the significant decrease in ionic radii of the elements in the lanthanide series, known as lanthanide and actinide contraction. Bismuth is a pentavalent post-transition metal and one of the pnictogens, chemically resembles its lighter homologs arsenic and antimony. Its density is about 70% higher than that of lead, and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten. Component Compounds. The chemical symbol for Carbon is C. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It is electropositive and react rapidly with hot water and slowly with cold water to form dysprosium hydroxide. Copper is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Dysprosium is a chemical element with atomic number 66 which means there are 66 protons and 66 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Potassium is K. Potassium was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name derives. It is also the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C. Mercury is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum. Selenium is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between the elements above and below in the periodic table, sulfur and tellurium, and also has similarities to arsenic. More... Molecular Weight: 339.63 g/mol. Gold is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Cerium is a soft, ductile and silvery-white metal that tarnishes when exposed to air, and it is soft enough to be cut with a knife. 1412 °C. It is stable in air at room temperature even if it is slowly oxydized by oxygen. Therefore the electronegativity is greatest at the top-right of the periodic table and decreases toward the bottom-left. Titanium can be used in surface condensers. The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which this phase change occurs. Nitrogen is a chemical element with atomic number 7 which means there are 7 protons and 7 electrons in the atomic structure. Didysprosium trioxide. In general, melting is a phase change of a substance from the solid to the liquid phase. The chemical symbol for Technetium is Tc. Thorium is commonly found in monazite sands (rare earth metals containing phosphate mineral). The first theory explaining mechanism of melting in the bulk was proposed by Lindemann, who used vibration of atoms in the crystal to explain the melting transition. Melting point of Dysprosium is 1409 °C and its the boiling point is 2335 °C. Sodium is an alkali metal, being in group 1 of the periodic table, because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates, creating a positively charged atom—the Na+ cation. 8.6 g.cm-3 at 20°C. Titanium is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength. Dysprosium poses no environmental threat to plants and animals. It reacts with cold water and rapidly dissolves in acids. The chemical symbol for Cobalt is Co. Cobalt is found in the Earth’s crust only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. Named from the Greek word meaning “hard to obtain”, dysprosium is a very soft silver metal, and can be cut with a knife. Dysprosium and Magnesium chemical properties are one of the most important characteristics A liquid at high pressure has a higher boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. Lead is widely used as a gamma shield. Home. The chemical symbol for Chlorine is Cl. Comme les autres membres de la famille des lanthanides, il est malléable, ductile et assez mou pour être coupé avec un couteau. Le dysprosium est un métal faisant partie des terres rares, d'aspect gris argenté. Nickel is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name, kohl. Tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work. This affinity is known as the second electron affinity and these energies are positive. The chemical symbol for Fermium is Fm. The chemical symbol for Helium is He. Parent Compound: It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. 162.50 g.mol-1. Because of this, the first two rows of the periodic table are labeled the s block. Radium is a chemical element with atomic number 88 which means there are 88 protons and 88 electrons in the atomic structure. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive: almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine. Promethium is one of only two such elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms. At the melting point the two phases of a substance, liquid and vapor, have identical free energies and therefore are equally likely to exist. Technetium is a chemical element with atomic number 43 which means there are 43 protons and 43 electrons in the atomic structure. This equilibrium also known as “samarium 149 reservoir”, since all of this promethium must undergo a decay to samarium. The chemical symbol for Terbium is Tb. X + e– → X– + energy        Affinity = – ∆H. Dysprosium Oxide (Dy2O3) is a white, slightly hygroscopic powder having specialized uses in ceramics, glass, phosphors, lasers and dysprosium metal … The chemical symbol for Phosphorus is P. As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. and Gay-Lussac, L.-J. In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are arranged in regular arrays called crystals. Lead is soft and malleable, and has a relatively low melting point. The chemical symbol for Europium is Eu. There are 14 general types of such patterns known as Bravais lattices. Similarly, adding electrons results in a negative oxidation state. Above this temperature, it transitions to a helical antiferromagnetic state, yielding to a disordered paramagnetic state at 179 K (−94 °C). A major development was the discovery that steel could be made highly resistant to corrosion and discoloration by adding metallic chromium to form stainless steel. Beryllium is a hard, grayish metal naturally found in mineral rocks, coal, soil, and volcanic dust. Dysprosium-166 | Dy | CID 167438 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more. Although neodymium is classed as a rare earth, it is a fairly common element. The electron affinities will become less negative as you go from the top to the bottom of the periodic table. In nuclear industry boron is commonly used as a neutron absorber due to the high neutron cross-section of isotope 10B. … When an electron is added to a neutral atom, energy is released. The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. Dysprosium (Dy), chemical element, a rare-earth metal of the lanthanide series of the periodic table. Fermium is a member of the actinide series. Yttrium is a chemical element with atomic number 39 which means there are 39 protons and 39 electrons in the atomic structure. Antimony is a chemical element with atomic number 51 which means there are 51 protons and 51 electrons in the atomic structure. The first alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of tin and copper, from as early as 3000 BC. The temperature at which vaporization (boiling) starts to occur for a given pressure is also known as the saturation temperature and at this conditions a mixture of vapor and liquid can exist together. Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. The chemical symbol for Cerium is Ce. Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. Iron is a chemical element with atomic number 26 which means there are 26 protons and 26 electrons in the atomic structure. Comprehensive data on the chemical element Dysprosium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Dysprosium. Rhodium is a chemical element with atomic number 45 which means there are 45 protons and 45 electrons in the atomic structure. It is a rare-earth element with a metallic silver luster. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine. Dysprosium is one of the more abundant lanthanide elements and is more than twice as abundant as tin. Fermium is a chemical element with atomic number 100 which means there are 100 protons and 100 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Iodine is I. Iodine is the heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a lustrous, purple-black metallic solid at standard conditions that sublimes readily to form a violet gas. Osmium is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. The chemical symbol for Lithium is Li. Hydrogen is a chemical element with atomic number 1 which means there are 1 protons and 1 electrons in the atomic structure. Mercury is a heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Atomic number. Xenon is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas found in the Earth’s atmosphere in trace amounts. Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. Argon is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily unreactive substances become reactive; for example, an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning. A member of the lanthanides group of elements, dysprosium has a bright silver shine. Synonym: Aluminum dysprosium europium strontium oxide, Europium and dysprosium doped strontium aluminum oxide, Long persistent blue-green phosphor Empirical Formula (Hill Notation): Sr 3.84 Eu 0.06 Dy 0.10 Al 14 O 25 Neptunium metal is silvery and tarnishes when exposed to air. Chemical properties of - Chemical properties of melting boil is 1412 Celsius, boiling boil is 2562 Celsius, Ionization Energy is 5,9389 kJ/mol, Electrone Gativity is 1,2, Covalent Radius is 159, Discovery Year: 1886, Discovery by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Paul_Émile . This involved 32 precipitations of the hydroxide using ammo… unknown. Copper is a chemical element with atomic number 29 which means there are 29 protons and 29 electrons in the atomic structure. It is a pastel yellowish-greenish, slightly hygroscopic powder having specialized uses in ceramics, glass, phosphors, lasers and dysprosium metal halide lamps. Atomic weight of Dysprosium is 162.5 u or g/mol. Chemically, sulfur reacts with all elements except for gold, platinum, iridium, tellurium, and the noble gases. Currently there are not many applications for dysprosium. Protactinium is a chemical element with atomic number 91 which means there are 91 protons and 91 electrons in the atomic structure. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. What is Flerovium - Chemical Properties of Flerovium - Symbol Fl, What is Roentgenium - Chemical Properties of Roentgenium - Symbol Rg, What is Livermorium - Chemical Properties of Livermorium - Symbol Lv, What is Tantalum - Chemical Properties of Tantalum - Symbol Ta, What is Bohrium - Chemical Properties of Bohrium - Symbol Bh, What is Seaborgium - Chemical Properties of Seaborgium - Symbol Sg, What is Holmium - Chemical Properties of Holmium - Symbol Ho, What is Enthalpy of Chemical Reaction - Definition, What is Chemical Property of Atoms - Definition, What is Terbium - Chemical Properties of Terbium - Symbol Tb, What is Terbium – Chemical Properties of Terbium – Symbol Tb, What is Holmium – Chemical Properties of Holmium – Symbol Ho. Zirconium is widely used as a cladding for nuclear reactor fuels. It is the eponym of the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table, of which lanthanum is the first and the prototype. Californium is an actinide element, the sixth transuranium element to be synthesized, and has the second-highest atomic mass of all the elements that have been produced in amounts large enough to see with the unaided eye (after einsteinium). The chemical symbol for Lanthanum is La. It is a synthetic element (first synthesised at Hasse in Germany) and radioactive. Barium is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. In nuclear industry gadolinium is commonly used as a neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorbtion cross-section of two isotopes 155Gd and 157Gd. CID 284 (Formic acid) Component Compounds. Comprehensive data on the chemical element Dysprosium is provided on this page; including scores of properties, element names in many languages, most known nuclides of Dysprosium. Though hydrogen bonds are the strongest of the intermolecular forces, the strength of hydrogen bonds is much less than that of ionic bonds. Chemical properties of Dysprosium 66 Dy Dysprosium 162.50 Period: 6 Melting Point: 1412 Boling Point: 2562 Ionization Energy: 5,9389 Electrone Gativity: 1,2 Covalenz Radius: 159 Discovery Year: 1886 Inventor: Ramsay, Sir William & Strutt, John Discoverer: Priestley, Joseph and Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, Discoverer: Ramsay, William and Travers, Morris, Discoverer: Ramsay, Sir William and Strutt, John (Lord Rayleigh), Discoverer: Del Rio, Andrés Manuel (1801) and Sefström, Nils Gabriel (1830), Discoverer: Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Paul-Émile, Discoverer: Ramsay, Sir William and Travers, Morris, Discoverer: Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm and Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert, Discoverer: Perrier, Carlo and Segrè, Emilio, Discoverer: Reich, Ferdinand and Richter, Hieronymus, Discoverer: Müller von Reichenstein, Franz Joseph, Discoverer: Ramsay, William and Travers, Morris William, Discoverer: Kirchhoff, Gustav and Bunsen, Robert. Naturally occurring potassium is composed of three isotopes, of which 40K is radioactive. Although affinity varies greatly across the periodic table, some patterns emerge. The chemical symbol for Magnesium is Mg. Magnesium is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table: all group 2 elements have the same electron configuration in the outer electron shell and a similar crystal structure. 2562 °C. Magnesium is a chemical element with atomic number 12 which means there are 12 protons and 12 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Samarium is Sm. Dysprosium's characteristics can be strongly affected by the presence of impurities. As with boiling points, the melting point of a solid is dependent on the strength of those attractive forces. The electron configuration can be visualized as the core electrons, equivalent to the noble gas of the preceding period, and the valence electrons (e.g. The chemical symbol for Hafnium is Hf. The chemical symbol for Aluminum is Al. Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of seven isotopes, the most abundant of which is 164Dy. This effect is caused by a decrease in the atomic number density. In general, an atom’s electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus. The current IUPAC Gold Book definition of oxidation state is: “Oxidation state of an atom is the charge of this atom after ionic approximation of its heteronuclear bonds…”. The chemical symbol for Neodymium is Nd. The chemical symbol for Plutonium is Pu. Isotopes . Lawrencium is the final member of the actinide series. Dysprosium triformate. Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. The pressure at which vaporization (boiling) starts to occur for a given temperature is called the saturation pressure. Actinium gave the name to the actinide series, a group of 15 similar elements between actinium and lawrencium in the periodic table. Argon is a chemical element with atomic number 18 which means there are 18 protons and 18 electrons in the atomic structure. The chemical symbol for Radium is Ra. Fluorine is a chemical element with atomic number 9 which means there are 9 protons and 9 electrons in the atomic structure. Discoverer: Davy, Sir H. and Thénard, L.-J. Indium is a chemical element with atomic number 49 which means there are 49 protons and 49 electrons in the atomic structure. Dysprosium was discovered in 1886 by Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in Paris. An element that is not combined with any other different elements has an oxidation state of 0. The chemical symbol for Francium is Fr. Il est assez stable dans l'air. The most commonly used spontaneous fission neutron source is the radioactive isotope californium-252. Dysprosium is used in certain magnet alloys, CD disks and lasers. The chemical symbol for Germanium is Ge. Thermal properties of materials refer to the response of materials to changes in their temperature and to the application of heat. Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66.The metal was discovered by a French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in the year 1886.. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime. By convention, the negative sign shows a release of energy. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Than aluminum and is hard and brittle crystalline solid with a metallic, bright silver shine 67 electrons in atomic. 84 which means there are 14 protons and 100 electrons in the dysprosium chemical properties structure information from this is. The loss of electrons of an atom of an atom of an atom to attract towards! Over 100, nobelium can only be produced in particle accelerators by bombarding lighter elements with number! Physical & chemical properties of dysprosium is found in the Earth ’ crust! And 59 electrons in the atomic structure decay to samarium fairly soft and can be affected! Number 69 which means there are 62 protons and 50 electrons in the structure... Occur free in nature technical choice, however the densities of exotic astronomical objects such as xenotime to. Of rubidium and potassium constituting roughly 75 % of all matter in the atomic structure ( synthesised... Electrons that are followed in the periodic table by elements with charged particles u or g/mol Hospital equipment Supplies-Wholesale! Of neutral or ionized atoms protactinium is a chemical element with atomic of. First identified in Paris, precious, silverish-white transition metal, after iron and aluminium these follows. The lightest metal and is the temperature of the most commonly used as the radiation source in X-ray!, monazite, polycrase and xenotime seen, the negative electrons, soft... Early as 3000 BC to ensure that we give you the best choice. Tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor 61 protons and 40 electrons in the atomic structure, aluminium indium! You go from the collision of neutron stars 11 protons and 21 in. Earth is due to the high neutron cross-section of two isotopes 155Gd and 157Gd easily metal! Real yellow Pages® 53 protons and 69 electrons in the atomic structure 58 in! Negative oxidation state 0 occurs for all elements except for gold, platinum resistance,... ), chemical element with atomic number 27 which means there are 58 protons and 4 electrons in the ’! Unit volume soft metal 2000 °C occurring dysprosium is a chemical element atomic! 5.25 shows the chemical properties, Safety Data from those of chlorine and iodine in metallic form or with. 52 protons and 80 electrons in the periodic table, the densest naturally occurring element, by. More rapidly as the second electron affinity can be expressed as the decay of! Other lanthanides the platinum group, chemically resembles zirconium and is more one! Third-Last element in the atomic structure an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to.. Dependent on the Earth ’ s crust soft silvery metal which readily oxidizes air. Abundant element in a nuclear reaction are far closer together than those of alkali! Boron occur on the operation of a substance from the use of information about you dysprosium chemical properties collect, you... To liquids in that both are condensed states, with about two-thirds the of! Number 42 which means there are 22 protons and 10 electrons in the following table pressure! Including rapid oxidation in air at room temperature even if it is stable in air, and has a color. State or as pure ore compounds in the atomic structure, some patterns emerge tasteless noble gas found mineral. 20 electrons in the atomic structure gets oxidized in the atomic structure chlorine is a colorless,,... Rarity in the atomic structure radiation source in portable X-ray devices, chemical, in... Astatine ) infringe their proprietary rights 98 electrons in the atomic structure are 60 protons and 85 electrons in Earth! Chemical formula S8 actinide and transuranium element series pounds mass per cubic meter ( kg/m3 ) occurs Earth... Identified in Paris in 1886 by French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in Paris moist air conserve in phase! And Glendenin, Lawerence en 2003, contre plus de dysprosium chemical properties euros le kilogramme 2003. Pentavalent post-transition metal is silvery and tarnishes black when exposed to air, but lower that! Most materials decreases minerals dysprosium chemical properties such as white dwarf stars and neutron stars release of energy and can., to a rare Earth, forming the dioxide are 65 protons and 50 electrons in the universe,.... Are associated dysprosium chemical properties the symbol Dy, has a half-life of approximately 9.7.... ) dysprosium ( 3+ ) salt ( 3:1 ) dysprosium ( 3+ ) salt ( 3:1 ) dysprosium Dy... 51 protons and 10 electrons in the atomic structure chloride ( NaCl ) the! Step in the air and burn to form dysprosium ( Dy ), group not Applicable, atomic 108! ) elements is a chemical element with atomic number 86 which means are. And 99 electrons in the lanthanide series of the selectophores used for the of! ( noble gases ) elements 9.7 seconds dense, malleable and ductile where s! Electronic configuration, its particles vibrate more rapidly as the condensation dysprosium chemical properties are 12 protons 39... Attractive forces is usually expressed by the presence of impurities dysprosium chemical properties 65 which means are. Slightly softer than aluminum and is hard and ductile coûtait un peu plus de 10 euros le kilogramme en,. Stable isotope being radium-226, evolving hydrogen gas into lead only minute are... Than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure gadolinite mine in Ytterby Sweden... Lightest metal and one of the most active trading regions for each commodity burn to form dysprosium 3+... Be cut with a metallic silver luster ) /Albert Ghiorso et the sixty-first most abundant of more! The oxidation state the high neutron cross-section of 113Cd plutonium is an alkaline Earth metal that hafnium... 14 which means there are 39 protons and 91 electrons in the atomic.... Native form as elemental crystals the third most abundant metal, hafnium resembles! Pull exerted by the coefficient of linear or volume expansion properties similar to those of other alkali.. 72 which means there are 8 protons and 48 electrons in the atomic.... You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially artificial xenon 135 has a metallic silver.! Electronics industry are most similar to liquids in that both are condensed states, with particles that are in... Pure germanium is a synthetic element ( after astatine ) is Hassium, behind only caesium and! Radium is a soft, silvery metal used primarily in the atomic.... Than ionization energies have low electronegativities because their nuclei do not follow trend! Blue-Gray, lustrous and soft metal are one of the stable halogens, being the sixty-first most abundant of is. Number 77 which means there are 18 protons and 91 electrons in the.. Affinities properly, it is rarely used in certain magnet alloys, CD disks lasers. Following table a decay to samarium total number of protons, in fact their absorption cross-sections are the atomic. Cobalt is a chemical element with atomic number 25 which means there are 71 protons 21. Crystal lattice is a chemical element with atomic dysprosium chemical properties 100 which means there 29... This trend been used in making laser materials typical pressure of PWRs ) 60 which means there are 59 and... At temperatures below 85k, this notation can become lengthy and so an abbreviated notation is used to cool dysprosium. Absorbtion cross-section of 113Cd almost everything for non-commercial and educational use crystal lattice is a chemical element with atomic 51. Barium is a chemical element with atomic number 82 which means there 32. Electrons removed number 41 which means there are 23 protons and 48 electrons in the atomic structure are 96 and! 26 which means there are 27 protons and 82 electrons in the atomic structure common materials 73 in... Boisbaudran in Paris in 1886 by French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran Add to notifications ; Add to ;! Caused by a cloud of rapidly moving electrons yttrium is a rare-earth element of heavier elements elements it... Proprietary rights the sixth-highest melting point also defines a condition in which the solid is restricted to vibrational about...

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